Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, typically between 24-28 weeks. Here's essential information:
*Causes and Risk Factors:*
1. Hormonal changes
2. Insulin resistance
3. Family history of diabetes
4. Obesity
5. Previous history of GDM or delivering large babies
6. Age 35 years
7. Ethnicity (e.g., African American, Hispanic, Native American)
*Symptoms:*
1. Increased thirst and urination
2. Fatigue
3. Blurred vision
4. Frequent infections
*Complications:*
1. High birth weight
2. Preterm labor
3. Cesarean delivery
4. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in newborn
5. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes post-pregnancy
*Screening and Diagnosis:*
1. Glucose Challenge Test (GCT) between 24-28 weeks
2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) if GCT is positive
3. Fasting plasma glucose test
*Management:*
1. Healthy diet: balanced carbohydrates, protein, and fiber
2. Physical activity: moderate exercise (e.g., walking)
3. Monitoring blood sugar levels
4. Insulin therapy (if necessary)
5. Regular prenatal check-ups
*Dietary Recommendations:*
1. Whole grains
2. Leafy greens
3. Fresh fruits and vegetables
4. Lean proteins
5. Healthy fats (e.g., avocado, nuts)
6. Limit sugary drinks and refined carbohydrates
*Post-Pregnancy Care:*
1. Follow-up glucose testing (6-12 weeks postpartum)
2. Maintain healthy lifestyle habits
3. Breastfeeding (helps reduce risk of type 2 diabetes)
